ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted at Mpanga Research Forest located in Mpigi District, Uganda, during the months of March, April, May and Jun 2020 (for the first rainy season) then in September, October, November, and December 2020 (for the second rainy season) to determine the diversity and distribution of macrofungi as well as their influence by seasonality, and physicochemical properties of the soil. An inventory was carried out through plot sampling and survey which consists of installing three permanent plots of 30 m x 30 m in each of the four selected sites, the soil was also measured in the sample plots. To measure distribution and diversity, abundance, species richness, density, and Simpson's and Shannon's indices were calculated. SPSS version 20 software was used for the significance tests of the diversity parameters between the two rainy seasons and for those of the correlation between the soil factors and the abundance of macrofungi species. A total of 120 species of basidiomycetous macrofungi distributed in 53 genera and 22 families were recorded. The dominant genus was Psathyrella followed by Marasmius belonging to the most dominant families (Coprinaceae and Marasmiaceae), and the most dominant orders (Agaricales and Tricholomatales). During the two rainy seasons, the majority of the species that have been collected belong to the group of saprophytes. Macrofungi species collected during the second rainy season were more abundant and diverse than those collected during the first rainy season. Among the physicochemical properties of the soil, pH, calcium, potassium, nitrogen, organic carbon, phosphorus, clay, sand and organic matter were significantly correlated with the abundance of macrofungal species. The results of this study provided basic information on the diversity of macrofungi in Mpanga forest, it can be a point of reference for further research to study the evolution of macrofungal biodiversity in this forest.
ABSTRACT
Hydrological variation differently affects fish species. In the present study, the response of local populations of 13 fish local species to hydrological variation in a tropical wetland was evaluated. The objectives were to analyze the abundance response of fish species with distinct life history strategies and to assess the role of hydrological variation on fish population patterns. We found that opportunistic strategists were favored by high hydrological variation in drought periods, the equilibrium strategists were related to stable habitats, and periodic strategists were regulated by floods and temperature. However, the life history strategies identified for some species in this study do not correspond to the classification reported in other studies. Our results highlight the importance to study the abundance responses of species at local and regional scales to identify variations in life-history strategies, which can reflect local adaptations of species to hydrological changes, this is useful in order to understand and predict the responses of fish populations to the local environment.(AU)
La variación hidrológica afecta de manera diferencial a las especies de peces. En el presente estudio, se evaluó la respuesta de las poblaciones locales de 13 especies de peces considerando la variación hídrica en un humedal tropical. Los objetivos fueron analizar la respuesta de las abundancias de las especies de peces con diferentes estrategias de historia de vida e identificar la importancia de la variación hídrica en los patrones de las poblaciones de peces. Se encontró que los estrategas oportunistas fueron favorecidos por la alta variación hídrica en los periodos de sequía, los estrategas de equilibrio se relacionaron con hábitats estables, y que los estrategas periódicos son regulados por las inundaciones y la temperatura. Sin embargo, para algunas especies las estrategias de historias de vida identificadas en este estudio no corresponden a la clasificación reportada en otros estudios. Nuestros resultados resaltan la importancia de estudiar las respuestas de la abundancia de las especies a escalas locales y regionales para identificar las variaciones en las estrategias de historia de vida, las cuales pueden reflejar adaptaciones locales de las especies a cambios hídricos, esto es útil para entender y predecir las repuestas de las poblaciones de peces a los ambientes locales.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Biodiversity , Fishes/growth & development , Reaction Time , Dry SeasonABSTRACT
Abstract To aim to estimate the balance of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in Holstein cows in northern Antioquia in the three thirds of lactation and in two seasons (high and low precipitation) grazing kikuyo grass (Cenchrus clandestinus), nine cows (three by lactation third) of five herds to which they estimated forage intake, consumption of food supplements and mineralized salt, were selected and were estimated excretion of feces, urine and milk secretion during last three days of an experimental period of 14 days in every season. Food samples, feces, urine and milk were taken in which the content of N, P and K were determined and digestibility, balance and efficiency of each nutrient in milk production were calculated. Data were analyzed under a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement 3x2. With the advancement of lactation the efficiency of N, P and K decreased (p0.89) nor forage intake (p>0.24) were affected by reduced precipitation. It was conclude that the season can affect the balance and efficiency of nutrients in lactating cows mainly because management guidelines in the food supplement.
Con la finalidad de estimar el balance de nitrógeno (N), fósforo (P) y potasio (K) en vacas Holstein del norte de Antioquia en los tres tercios de la lactancia y en dos épocas del año (alta y baja precipitación) pastando praderas de kikuyo (Cenchrus clandestinus), se seleccionaron nueve vacas (tres de cada tercio) de cinco hatos a las que se les estimó el consumo de forraje, de los suplementos alimenticios y de sal mineralizada y se les estimó la excreción de heces, orina y la secreción láctea durante los últimos tres días de los 14 días que duraba el periodo experimental en cada época. Se tomaron muestras de los alimentos, heces, orina y leche en los que se determinó el contenido de N, P y K y se calculó la digestibilidad aparente, el balance y la eficiencia en el uso de cada nutriente en la producción de leche. Los datos se analizaron bajo un diseño completamente al azar en un arreglo factorial 3 x 2. Con el avance de la lactancia se redujo la eficiencia en el uso del N, P y K (p0,89) ni el consumo de la pradera (p>0,24) se vieran afectados. Se concluye que la época del año puede afectar el balance y eficiencia en el uso de los nutrientes en vacas lactantes debido principalmente a pautas de manejo en el suplemento alimenticio.
Resumo Com a finalidade de estimar o balanço de nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P) e potássio (K) em vacas holandesas do norte de Antioquia no terceiro tercio de lactação e em dois épocas do ano (alta e baixa precipitação) pastejando capim-quicuio (Cenchrus clandestinus), selecionaram-se nove vacas (três de cada tercio) de cinco rebanhos nas quais estimou-se o consumo de forragem, dos suplementos alimentícios e de sal mineralizada e além, estimou-se a excreção de fezes, urina e a secreção láctea durante os últimos três dias dos 14 que durava o período experimental em cada época. Tomaram-se amostras dos alimentos, fezes, urina e leite nos que se determinaram o conteúdo de N, P, e K e calcularam-se a digestibilidade aparente, o balanço e a eficiência no uso de cada nutrimento na produção de leite. Os dados analisaram-se sob um desenho completamente ao acaso num desenho fatorial 3 X 2. Com o avanço da lactação se reduz a eficiência no uso de N, P e K (p0,89), nem o consumo do capim (p>0,24), foram afetados. Conclui-se que a época do ano pode afetar o balanço e a eficiência no uso dos nutrientes para vacas em lactação devido principalmente as pautas de manejo no suplemento alimentício.
ABSTRACT
Abstract The North region is the second region in Brazil with the highest incidence rate of diarrheal diseases in children under 5 years old. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between rainfall and water level during the rainy season principally with the incidence rate of this disease in a southwestern Amazon basin. Rainfall estimates and the water level were correlated and both of them were correlated with the diarrheal incidence rate. For the Alto Acre region, 2 to 3 days’ time-lag is the best interval to observe the impact of the rainfall in the water level (R = 0.35). In the Lower Acre region this time-lag increased (4 days) with a reduction in the correlation value was found. The correlation between rainfall and diarrheal disease was better in the Lower Acre region (Acrelândia, R = 0.7) and rainfall upstream of the city. Between water level and diarrheal disease, the best results were found for the Brasiléia gauging station (Brasiléia, R = 0.3; Epitaciolândia, R = 0.5). This study’s results may support planning and financial resources allocation to prioritize actions for local Civil Defense and health care services before, during and after the rainy season.
Resumo A região Norte é a segunda no Brasil com a maior taxa de incidência de doenças diarreicas em crianças menores de 5 anos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a relação entre chuva e nível do rio, principalmente durante a estação chuvosa, com a taxa de incidência da referida doença em uma bacia no sudoeste da Amazônia. Estimativas de chuva e nível do rio foram correlacionadas e ambos correlacionados com a taxa de incidência da diarreia. Para a região do Alto Acre, 2 a 3 dias de defasagem é o melhor intervalo para observar o impacto da chuva no nível do rio (R = 0.35). Na região do Baixo Acre essa defasagem aumentou (4 dias) com redução na correlação. A correlação entre chuva e doenças diarreicas foi melhor na região do Baixo Acre (Acrelândia, R = 0.7) e a chuva rio acima da cidade. Entre o nível do rio e as doenças diarreicas, os melhores resultados foram encontrados para a estação de Brasiléia (casos em Brasiléia, R = 0.3 e Epitaciolândia, R = 0.5). Os resultados deste estudo podem dar apoio ao planejamento e alocação de recursos financeiros para priorizar ações para Defesa Civil e serviços de saúde antes, durante e depois da estação chuvosa.
Subject(s)
Humans , Rain , Diarrhea , Seasons , Urban Population , Water Movements , BrazilABSTRACT
The patient was a 45-year-old woman who began suffering from pain in her extremities 1 year and 6 months previously, and who received Oketsu-reducing Kampo. Her pain disappeared in a year. Six months after her treatment ended, she visited our hospital again complaining of the same symptom. Due to strong signs of Oketsu, we prescribed her a Kampo that reduces Oketsu, but her pain largely persisted. On re-examination, we noticed that her condition had occurred during the rainy season on both instances and speculated that high humidity and strong ‘wind' may be the reason. Therefore, Byakujutsubushito was prescribed for her, and her pain disappeared in 2 weeks. However, in the following rainy season, she visited us again complaining of the same pain, and Byakujutsubushito was again administered, and that relieved her from pain in 11 days. Although it is stated that Byakujutsubushito is useful for the treatment of pain resulting from dampness and ‘wind', there are very a few reports on this in the <i>Kinkiyoryaku </i>text. Nowadays, we live in air-conditioned spaces, and high humidity results in ‘cool wind’ and exterior dampness. Frequent movement in and out of such spaces worsens extremity pain, and we believe that the incidence of this condition is increasing. And we believe that Byakujutsubushito is one of the most useful formulations for the treatment of this condition that occurs during rainy season.
ABSTRACT
Este estudo analisou a condição reprodutiva, por meio da histomorfometria, de P. discolor coletados em fragmentos de Mata Atlântica do litoral sul de Pernambuco, durante as estações seca e chuvosa. Os animais são de coleção e foram classificados de acordo com a posição testicular (descendentes e não descendentes). Para as análises histomorfométricas, foram selecionados aleatoriamente 18 espécimes durante as estações seca e chuvosa, dos quais (n = 11) com testículos descendentes e (n = 7) com testículos não descendentes. Os resultados demonstraram que as maiores médias da área de ocupação dos túbulos seminíferos foram na estação chuvosa, independente dos espécimes apresentarem os testículos descendentes ou não. Isso pode estar relacionado a um maior investimento em produção espermática, já que na estação chuvosa, existe uma maior disponibilidade de alimentos devido às precipitações pluviométricas.
This study analyzed the reproductive condition, by histomorphometry, of P. discolor collected in forest fragments of the South Coast of Pernambuco during the dry and rainy seasons. The animals are Collection and were classified according to the position testicular (descendants and not descendants). For histomorphometric analysis, 18 were randomly selected specimens during the rainy and dry seasons, being (n = 11) with descendant testicles and (n = 7) with testicles no descendant. The results showed that the highest area average occupancy of the seminiferous tubules were in the rainy season, regardless of the present specimens the testes descendant or not. This may be related to a greater investment in sperm production, since the rainy season, there is a greater availability of food due to rainfall.
Subject(s)
Animals , Histology/instrumentation , Chiroptera/classification , Testis/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
This study addresses the influence of water-level fluctuations on fish distribution at two temporal scales: seasonal (dry and rainy) and interannual (low and high volume conditions). The analysis of abundance relationships among three zooplanktivore Chirostoma species at fifteen sites in Lake Chapala, Mexico, revealed the significant influence of contrasting conditions (P=0.0002). Seasonally, segregation was more related to species dominance in the dry season and exclusively related to environmental characteristics in the rainy season. Interanually, biotic influence occurred in the shallowest and the deepest episodes of the lake. Environmental characteristics influenced species distribution when the lake reached 25 percent of its volume. Site, depth, temperature, and salinity were the leading factors influencing fish distribution. These results emphasize the necessity to implement different management strategies according to lake volume, particularly when a critical threshold is reached.
El presente estudio describe la influencia que tiene la fluctuación del nivel del agua en la distribución de los peces a dos diferentes escalas: estacional (estiaje y lluvias) e interanual (condiciones de bajo y alto volumen). El análisis de las relaciones de abundancia entre tres especies zooplanctófagas de Chirostoma en quince sitios del Lago de Chapala, México, reveló una influencia estadísticamente significativa en las condiciones contrastantes (P=0.0002). Estacionalmente, la segregación estuvo más relacionada a la dominancia de las especies en la época de estiaje y exclusivamente relacionada a las características ambientales en la época de lluvias. Interanualmente, la influencia biótica se presenta en los episodios más someros y más profundos del lago. Las características ambientales influenciaron la distribución de las especies cuando el lago alcanzó el 25 por ciento de su volumen. El sitio geográfico, profundidad, temperatura y salinidad fueron los principales factores que influenciaron la distribución de los peces. Estos resultados enfatizan la necesidad de implementar diferentes estrategias de manejo de acuerdo al volumen del lago, particularmente cuando se alcanza un umbral crítico.